Effects of puerariae radix on bone density and bone microarchitecture in castrated mice with osteoporosis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Studies confirmed that pueraria can not only prevent the reduced bone mineral density and bone mass in the ovadectomy-caused estrogen deficiency mice with osteoporosis model, also improve bone micro-structure, it can be used for osteoporosis prevention and treatment in women after menopause. Does it exhibit a similar effect fpr the treatment of male osteoporosis?OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of puerariae Radix (PR) crude drug on the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone micro-architecture in androgen-deficiency mice with osteoporosis model.METHODS: A total of 48 ddY male mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing 32-35 g, were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham group,orchidectomized group, PR with low, middle and high dose group, 17β-estradiol group. Each group contained 8 mice. In sham group, mice were sham operated to expose testis and epididymis, removing surrounding fat tissue; in other groups, mice were orchidectomized. After operation, sham group and model group were fed normal diet, while PR with low, middle and high dose groups were fed a diet containing 5%, 10% and 20% PR, and 17β-estradiol group was fed a normal diet with subcutaneous administration of 17β-estradiol 0.03μg/d. The diet dosage was all 4.0 g/d. Four weeks after experiment, the mice were anesthetized and killed, and the weight of the seminal vesicle was measured. Dual-energy X-ray was used to detect BMD in femurs, and micro-CT analysis for distal femur metaphysis sponge bone microstructura.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The whole femoral BMD was significantly decreased by 10.9% in the model group, and the decrease in BMD was completely prevented by intake of the diet with the low dose of PR. Intake of the diet with the middle dose of PR further increased BMD in the model group, but no significant differences were observed. Furthermore, the high dose of PR administration significantly increased BMD by 26.1% and 12.4% respectively compared with model group and sham operated group, and the potency was similar to that of 17β-estradiol. Intake of the diet with the low dose of PR completely prevented the decrease in trabecular bone volume and trabecular number, and restored the increase in trabecular separation in mice caused by androgen deficiency. Intake of the diet with the middle dose of PR could enhance the inhibition effect, but there was no significant difference; intake of the diet with the high dose of PR exhibited the strongest effect on the inhibition, it further significantly increased trabecular bone volume and trabecular number compared with sham operated group. The seminal vesicle was not affected by the administration of any doses of PR. Without influence on the seminal vesicle, the low and middle dose of PR can completely inhibit the decreasing BMD and bone mass caused by androgen deficiency in mice, as well as improve bone structure,high dose of PR exhibits a significant effect and similar to 17β-estradiol.

Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Bone Quality of the Mandible Reconstructed by Particular Cellular Bone and Marrow Combined with Platelet Rich Plasma / Oral Science International

Concerning the bone structures of the mandible reconstructed by particular cellular bone and marrow (PCBM), platelet rich plasma (PRP) and tray, we have examined the possibility of implant insertion by clarifying the morphological conditions in each compact and cancellous bone on computed tomography (CT), and by observing the differences in their CT values.Using the computer software program Sim Plant (Materialize Dental, Leuven, Belgium), we morphologically observed 6 cases of implant inserted area after mandibular reconstruction and 11 cases of native bone, and examined the differences in their CT values. The osseointegration rate of each inserted implant was also evaluated.Compared with the native bone group, the PCBM reconstruction group had generally thin compact bone. In the over-3cm-length PCBM reconstruction group, the average CT value was 259.7 ± 94.4 HU (n = 3) in the cancellous bone, whereas in the native bone group, the average CT value was 528.9 ± 140.1 HU (n = 10). Therefore, the PCBM reconstruction group showed significantly lower CT value than the native bone group. However, in the under-3cm-length group, the PCBM reconstruction group showed no significant difference compared with the native bone group. The osseointegration rate of the inserted implants almost 6 months after insertion was 100% in the PCBM reconstruction group and 94.1% in the native bone group.Although the PCBM reconstructed bone had thinner cortical bone and showed lower CT value compared with the native bone, implant insertion was possible.

Preliminary Clinical Study to Evaluate the Relationship between Systemic Bone Turnover and the Microstructure of the Alveolar Bone / Oral Science International

The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of developing a clinical minimally invasive and standardized method to evaluate the relationship between the microstructure of the jaw bone and systemic bone turnover. For this purpose, we performed standardized bone biopsy of the alveolar bone, and compared the 3D bone microstructure using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and biochemical markers of bone turnover. We evaluated a total of 9 samples taken from 6 patients by standardized biopsy using a trephine bur. BMD was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Regarding the biochemical markers of bone turnover, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and serum osteocalcin (OC) were used as bone formation markers, and urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were selected as bone resorption markers. We scanned micro-CT images of these samples. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular spacing (Tb.Spac), fractal dimension, trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) and node-strut (Nd.Nd/TV, TSL/TV) were measured. Regarding the correlations between the parameters of bone microstructures, TB/TV, Tb.N, fractal dimension, and node-strut seemed to be positively correlated and Tb.Spac and TBPf seemed to be negatively correlated with each other, but Tb.Th seemed to have a low correlation with other parameters. OC and/or BAP showed a significantly high correlation with many structural parameters (p<0.05%). In conclusion, some microstructural parameters may change according to the systemic bone turnover.

Analysis of the Pattern of Maxillofacial Fracture by Five Departments in Tokyo / Oral Science International

We studied maxillofacial fractures treated by departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Tokyo. A retrospective review of records and radiographs for patients admitted during the 5-year period from 2000 to 2004 was conducted at five departments in Tokyo. Date, age, gender, cause of injury, fracture site, concomitant injury, domestic violence against women, and treatment were reviewed. 674 patients with maxillofacial fractures were admitted. Male-to-female ratio was 3.6:1. The most frequent age group was 21-25 years. Fractures of the mandible were most frequent (87%), followed by the maxilla (14%) and the zygomatic bone (12%). Thirty-one percent of fractures were due to traffic accidents, 29% to accidental falls, 23% to violence and 14% to sports. The incidence of maxillofacial fractures caused by traffic accidents was lower, and that caused by falls and violence were higher than in other countries. Seventeen percent of the maxillofacial fracture patients had concomitant injuries. The incidence of domestic violence-related maxillofacial fracture was 1.6% of all cases. These cases were mainly caused by a husband (55%) or a sexual partner (36%). Most patients (67%) were treated by open reduction surgery. However, condylar fracture alone was usually treated by closed reduction surgery.

Epidemiological Study of Malignant Tumors in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region - Survey of Member Institutions of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2002

We studied 1809 oral cancer patients who visited and were treated in 2002 at the 148 institutions certified as training facilities by the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, which is composed of 39 dental university hospitals, 44 medical university hospitals, 64 general hospitals, and 1 unknown institution. The patients consisted of 1071 (59.2 %) males and 738 (40.8 %) females (male:female ratio, 1.45:1), who had a mean age of 65.2 years old. The tongue (40.2 %) was the most common site affected, followed by the gingiva (32.7 %), buccal mucosa (10.1 %), and oral floor (9.0 %). There were 6 cases of intraoral multiple cancer. In histopathological examinations, squamous cell carcinoma (88.7 %) was the most common type found, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (2.1 %), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1.7 %). In addition, non-epithelial tumors comprised 1.8 % , among which malignant melanoma was the most common type. Cases classified as T2N0 were the most common (32.1 %), followed by T1N0 (21.4 %), T4N0 (8.0 %), and T2N1 (7.6 %). Distant metastasis occurred in 17 patients (1.0 %). The sizes of the non-epithelial malignant tumors ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 cm, with a mean size of 3.7 cm.

Epidemiological Study of Malignant Tumors in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region - Survey of Member Institutions of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2002

We studied 1809 oral cancer patients who visited and were treated in 2002 at the 148 institutions certified as training facilities by the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, which is composed of 39 dental university hospitals, 44 medical university hospitals, 64 general hospitals, and 1 unknown institution. The patients consisted of 1071 (59.2 %) males and 738 (40.8 %) females (male:female ratio, 1.45:1), who had a mean age of 65.2 years old. The tongue (40.2 %) was the most common site affected, followed by the gingiva (32.7 %), buccal mucosa (10.1 %), and oral floor (9.0 %). There were 6 cases of intraoral multiple cancer. In histopathological examinations, squamous cell carcinoma (88.7 %) was the most common type found, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (2.1 %), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1.7 %). In addition, non-epithelial tumors comprised 1.8 % , among which malignant melanoma was the most common type. Cases classified as T2N0 were the most common (32.1 %), followed by T1N0 (21.4 %), T4N0 (8.0 %), and T2N1 (7.6 %). Distant metastasis occurred in 17 patients (1.0 %). The sizes of the non-epithelial malignant tumors ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 cm, with a mean size of 3.7 cm.

The Relationship between Subcellular Localization of Actinin-4 and Cell Motility in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Oral Science International

To elucidate the mechanism of invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma, we newly established two different cell lines with a high-motility phenotype (designated HI type) and low-motility phenotype (LI type) from CA-9-22, a human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, through cell invasion assay (Boyden chamber assay). When we examined the subcellular localization and protein expression of actinin-4 using these cell lines, although the growth curves were not significantly different between the HI type and LI type, more invasion was seen in the HI-type than in the LI-type on Boyden chamber assay (p<0.0001). Morphologically, a larger number of sharply extended cell processes and spindle formation were observed in the HI-type than in the LI-type, and actinin-4 was mainly distributed in these processes. Western analysis showed that the expression level of actinin-4 was almost equivalent between the HI and LI types. These findings suggest that subcellular localization of actinin-4 might be involved in cell motility and cancer invasion by regulating the actin cytoskeleton at the cell processes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Suppression of lipid-hydroperoxide and DNA-adduct formation by isoflavone-containing soy hypocotyl tea in rats

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Phytoestrogen isoflavones (IFs) are considered to suppress estrogen-related cancers through their antiestrogenic activity. The antioxidant effect of IFs, however, has not been confirmed in anin vivo system, so suppression of hydroperoxide formation and resultant DNA adduct formation were studied.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The antioxidant effects of the soya-hypocotyl tea (SHT), which contained daidzein (14+/-1.5 mg/l) and genistein (3+/-0.5 mg/l), were examined in Wistar rats fed the AIN-76 control diet or iron deficient diet (FeD) for 4 weeks. The intake amount of the diet and IFs were measured daily. Urinary excretion of IFs was measured for 3 days before sacrifice. In addition to the serum lipid analyses, phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH), and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide (PEOOH) production in red blood cells and the liver were measured as a biomarker of oxidants. Production of DNA adducts by oxidative stress was measured by the amount of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (oh(8)dG) in the liver and kidney, and urine. Histological changes were checked by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for oh(8)dG.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>FeD rats showed anemia, growth retardation, hyperlipidemia. IFs only lowered the triacylglycerol level and did not change the cholesterol level. Rats fed the normal diet did not show suppression of PCOOH and PEOOH production in either red blood cells or the liver, while groups administered SHT showed suppressed production of PCOOH and PEOOH in the liver. The cumulative intake of daidzein, genistein and the total amount of IFs showed significant inverse associations with urinary excretion of oh(8)dG. oh(8)dG in the kidney showed an inverse association with the amount of oh(8)dG in the urine. Enzymehistochemically, a strong localization of oh(8)dG was found in the epithelial cells of the bile canaliculi and proximal tubules of the kidney.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IFs and SHT showed antioxidant effects at physiological concentrations in anin vivo system. The antioxidant effects of IFs decreased oxidation stress to the nuclear DNA, which was shown by the decreased oh(8)dG production. It is suggested that to prevent various cancers, in addition to the known antiestrogenie, antityrosin kinase, and other effects. IFs appeared to promote excretion of oh(8)dG.</p>

Suppression of Lipid-Hydroperoxide and DNA-Adduct Formation by Isoflavone-Containing Soy Hypocotyl Tea in Rats

Objective: Phytoestrogen isoflavones (IFs) are considered to suppress estrogen-related cancers through their antiestrogenic activity. The antioxidant effect of IFs, however, has not been confirmed in an in vivo system, so suppression of hydroperoxide formation and resultant DNA adduct formation were studied.Metheds: The antioxidant effects of the soya-hypocotyl tea (SHT), which contained daidzein (14+/−1.5 mg/l) and genistein (3+/−0.5 mg/l), were examined in Wistar rats fed the AIN-76 control diet or iron deficient diet (FeD) for 4 weeks. The intake amount of the diet and IFs were measured daily. Urinary excretion of IFs was measured for 3 days before sacrifice. In addition to the serum lipid analyses, phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH), and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide (PEOOH) production in red blood cells and the liver were measured as a biomarker of oxidants. Production of DNA adducts by oxidative stress was measured by the amount of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (oh8dG) in the liver and kidney, and urine. Histological changes were checked by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for oh8dG.Results: FeD rats showed anemia, growth retardation, hyperlipidemia. IFs only lowered the triacylglycerol level and did not change the cholesterol level. Rats fed the normal diet did not show suppression of PCOOH and PEOOH production in either red blood cells or the liver, while groups administered SHT showed suppressed production of PCOOH and PEOOH in the liver. The cumulative intake of daidzein, genistein and the total amount of IFs showed significant inverse associations with urinary excretion of oh8dG. oh8dG in the kidney showed an inverse association with the amount of oh 8dG in the urine. Enzyme-histochemically, a strong localization of oh8dG was found in the epithelial cells of the bile canaliculi and proximal tubules of the kidney.Conclusion: IFs and SHT showed antioxidant effects at physiological concentrations in an in vivo system. The antioxidant effects of IFs decreased oxidation stress to the nuclear DNA, which was shown by the decreased oh8dG production. It is suggested that to prevent various cancers, in addition to the known antiestrogenic, antityrosin kinase, and other effects. IFs appeared to promote excretion of oh8dG.